Artificial intelligence is often described in remarkably simple terms: it is another tool, and what matters is how people choose to use it. There is some truth in this argument. A spreadsheet, search engine, camera, database, or design application can all be used well or badly, and artificial intelligence is no different in that respect. Yet describing AI as “just a tool” misses something strategically important: technologies do not simply respond to the way organizations use

The competition for digital talent is becoming a strategic issue for governments. Artificial intelligence, cloud computing, cybersecurity, advanced software, digital services, data science, robotics, and other technology-intensive industries are expanding faster than many countries can develop the skills needed to support them. At the same time, digital work has become increasingly location-flexible, allowing highly skilled professionals to choose where they live rather than

Digital startups have become an increasingly important part of national economic capability. They create new products and services, introduce technologies into established industries, develop intellectual property, attract investment and, when they scale successfully, create highly skilled jobs and new sources of exports. For governments, however, the objective should be more ambitious than simply increasing the number of startups created each year. The real strategic questio