Sovereign AI is the ability of a nation, sector, or large organisation to make deliberate choices about how artificial intelligence is built, operated, governed, funded, and used. It is no longer enough to ask where data is stored. Modern AI systems draw on data, models, applications, networks, compute, people, laws, and operating processes that work together in real time. This makes AI sovereignty a whole-system question: who controls the intelligence layer that will increas

By 2025, sovereign AI has moved from a niche policy debate to a central pillar of Europe’s economic and geopolitical strategy. Artificial intelligence is no longer just another digital technology. It is fast becoming a form of national infrastructure, shaping productivity growth, public services, industrial competitiveness and national security. For Europe, the stakes are particularly high. The continent faces slow productivity growth, rising geopolitical risk, and deep re